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Gangnam, Architectural Laboratory of Seoul (2017-09-03)

 

강남서울건축의 실험장

Gangnam, Architectural Laboratory of Seoul

자율진화도시, UIA 2017 서울세계건축대회 기념전서울시립미술관, 2016, pp.119-123.

강남을 서울보다 더 유명하게 만들었던 싸이의 강남 스타일은 정작 강남의 속살을 보여주지 않는다한강둔치나 놀이공원과 같은 강남을 둘러싼 주변부혹은 주차장테니스장체육관처럼 지하와 실내공간이 배경으로 등장할 뿐이다게다가 마구간사우나묻지마 관광버스 안에서 벌어지는 춤판을 편집한 영상에서 외부인들은 강남이 어떤 곳인지 가늠하기 쉽지 않다그들의 눈에 비친 강남스타일은 세련됨보다는 가식을 조롱하는 의도된 촌스러움이다그 배경인 도시건축은 명품과 키치의 잡종에 가깝다그럼에도 강남은 서울뿐만 아니라 대한민국에서 독보적 존재이다.

강남은 어디를 지칭하는가좁게는 행정구역상 강남구를 말하지만넓게는 강남서초송파 이른바 강남 3를 포함한다강남 3구는 경제사회문화교육 등 모든 영역에서 도시안의 불균형을 심화시키는 진앙이다지난 수년간의 선거 결과에서 나타난 정치 지형도는 강남을 서울의 기타 자치구와 뚜렷하게 구별 짓는다.

600년 역사의 서울에서 강남은 40년도 안된 신생도시다강남은 어떻게 이런 짧은 기간에 서울 안의 특구가 될 수 있었을까다양한 논리와 설명이 있겠지만 도시건축적 관점에서 보면강남의 차별화는 블록-필지-건물을 단위로 하는 도시조직 (urban fabric)에서 기인한다강북의 4대문 안팎은 완만한 변화와 급격한 변화를 시차를 두고 겪었다그 결과 불규칙하고 불균질한 도시조직이 되었다여러 겹의 옷감을 덧대어 꿰맨 헌 옷에 비유할 수 있다반면 강남은 한국의 대표적인 두 가지 근대도시계획 즉, ‘토지구획정리사업과 택지개발사업으로 조성한 규칙적이고 균질한 격자형 구조이다. 

 

강남의 중심부는 북으로 한강남으로 양재천동으로 탄천서로 경부고속도로를 경계로 하며, 50여개의 블록으로 이루어져 있다블록은 평균 가로세로가 500m에 달하는 초대형으로 맨해튼 격자형 블록의 10배 이상의 크기다대로변은 노선상업지역으로 시작하여 이면도로 안으로 들어가면서 3, 2, 1종 일반주거지역으로 용도지역이 바뀐다이런 토지이용계획 패턴은 여러 켜로 쌓인 양파 구조와 흡사하다격자형 가로망 위에 도로와 5개 이상의 지하철노선이 촘촘하게 강남 중심부를 연결하고반듯한 모양의 블록과 필지위에 비슷한 규모와 유형의 건축물들이 군집하고 있다.

강남시대는 1971년 영동토지구획정리사업 제2지구에 첫 삽을 뜨면서 시작되었다그런데 단독주택지를 공급하는 것이 주요 목적이었던 토지구획정리사업만으로는 서울의 도시집중화에 따르는 주거문제를 해결할 수 없었다정부는 1976년 한강변을 따라 압구정과 반포 아파트지구를 지정했다그로부터 5년 뒤인 1981년 양재천에 면한 개포지구에 전면개발 방식인 택지개발사업이 최초로 시행되었다후일 강남의 부를 상징하는 66층 높이의 타워팰리스가 들어서는 택지가 이때 조성되었다.

한강변 아파트지구와 양재천변 택지개발지구에 아파트단지가 들어서면서영동토지구획정리사업구역의 중심부를 아파트가 에워싸는 구조가 되었다이중에서도 폭 50m가 넘는 4개의 광로 (영동대로강남대로테헤란로도산대로)로 에워싸인 15여개의 블록이 강남의 핵이 되었다아파트단지가 여러 겹의 격자형 블록을 감싸는 구조는 한국의 대도시에서 강남이 유일하다즉 고밀고급 주거공간과 대로변의 업무상업공간이 맞대어 상호작용을 일으키는 구조다.

서울의 3대 건축유형은 연면적의 총량으로 주택근린생활시설(근생), 사무공간의 순이다주택 중 아파트 연면적의 총량은 단독다가구다세대연립주택 등 비아파트보다 많다즉 양적 기준으로 아파트 – 비아파트 – 근생 – 사무공간 순이다이 네 가지 유형을 합한 면적은 서울의 모든 공간의 90% 이상을 차지한다강남에는 이 네 가지 건축 유형이 골고루 분포되어 있다아파트 단지가 없는 사대문안의 구도심이나아파트단지 주변에 오피스건축이 적은 상계동과 목동 신시가지와 대조적이다.

강남의 압구정지구와 반포지구는 대한민국을 아파트공화국으로 만든 선두주자였다. 40년이 지난 반포지구를 시작으로 2차 초고층아파트 재건축사업이 불붙고 있다. 20년 뒤 한강변은 35층 아파트 단지가 될 것이다만일 서울시의 층수 지침이 깨진다면 50층 이상의 초고층 아파트 숲이 될 수도 있다.

강남은 오피스건축의 고층화도 견인했다테헤란로에는 1990년대 초반 건축지정선과 건축한계선 규정을 담은 도시설계가 본격적으로 도입되었다. 1980년대 후반부터 2000년대 후반에 이르기까지 한국전력공사본사(22엄이건축, 1986), 인터콘티넨탈호텔(33,김병현+강기세,1988), 라마다르네상스호텔(24,김수근/공간건축,1988), 한국종합무역센터(54니켄세케이+원도시건축+정림건축, 1988), 큰길타워(21최관영/일건씨엔씨, 1994), 포스코센터(31/21원정수지순/간삼건축, 1995), 글라스타워(32삼우건축, 1995), 신안건설사옥(20원도시건축, 1996), 데이콤사옥(20이성관/한울건축, 1999), LG강남타워(33, SOM+창조건축, 2000), 아셈오피스타워(29강기세+SOM, 2001), 강남파이낸스센터(45, Kevin Roche & John Dinkeloo Associates, 2001), 동부금융센터(35신도시건축, 2003), 포스틸타워(27, KPF,포스코 A&C, 2004), 메리츠타워(30신한건축, 2006), 삼성타운(44/34/32, KPF+삼우건축, 2008) 등 20층 이상의 오피스와 호텔이 들어서면서 고층건물의 회랑이 되었다영동대로강남대로도산대로 등 다른 광로의 고층건물을 포함하면 유형은 이보다 훨씬 다양해진다특히 이번 자율진화도시전은 위에서 열거한 건물들보다 규모는 작지만 실험적인 업무상업건축이 강남에 등장하고 있음을 조명하고 있다.

하지만 외국인들에게 서울스러움을 보여주는 곳은 아파트단지와 고층오피스건축이 아니라 단독주택다가구다세대 주택이 밀집한 이면도로의 풍경이다서울의 다른 지역과 마찬가지로 15여개 블록 안에는 2종 일반주거지역이 가장 많다대로변 안쪽에는 200~300m2 규모의 필지가 가장 많고 대부분 폭 12m 이하의 도로에 면해 있다. 1970년대부터 이런 땅에 지어졌던 1-2층 단독주택은 1980년대 후반 이후 3~4층 다가구다세대 주택으로 점차 바뀌었다. 2000년대에는 땅값이 상승하면서 다세대 다가구 주택의 1층으로 근생이 침투하였다이 유형은 대로변 상업지역의 고층 주상복합건축과는 다른 중층 주상복합건축이다.

이와 같은 중층 중규모건축은 서울 도시건축의 산술적 평균치에 가깝다나는 우리도시의 가장 보편적인 2종 일반주거지역에가장 보편적인 면적의 대지에가장 보편적인 기능인 주거근생을 복합한 건축을 중간건축으로 정의한 바 있다대지 250m2건폐율 50%, 용적률 200%, 층수 4연면적 600m2의 규모가 바로 중간건축이다. 2008년 세계금융위기 이후 대한민국의 건설신화에 금이 가기 시작했다주민의 요구로 뉴타운재개발재건축 사업구역을 해제하는지난 50년간 개발시대에는 상상도 할 수 없었던 일이 벌어졌다이런 상황에서 중간건축은 서울의 도시건축의 향방을 결정하는 한 축이 되고 있다.

그렇다면 강남의 중간건축은 무언가 특별함을 갖고 있는가싸이의 강남스타일에 드러나듯 세련과 촌티튀는 것과 진부함의 혼성품에서 크게 벗어나지 않는다강남의 높은 땅값이를 감당할 경제적 능력이 있는 건축주그리고 강남을 좋아하는 소비자의 취향이 작은 차이를 만들뿐이다서울의 2종 일반주거지역의 64%에 해당하는 대지에 신축을 할 경우 땅값은 사업비 절반 이상을 차지한다상위 5%의 대지에는 땅값의 비율이 70% 이상이다강남의 중심부는 이보다 더 높을 것이다강남에 건물을 짓는다는 것은 땅을 적층하는 것과 마찬가지다신축을 전제로 땅을 사고파는 경우 기존 건물의 값은 쳐주지도 않는다디자인은 땅을 적층하는 전술을 결코 피해갈 수 없다. 

 

금융위기 이전에는 강남 중심부는 소수의 건축가()들이 명품점고가주택중규모사옥을 특별주문 방식으로 설계했을 뿐작품성을 위한 건축설계의 시장은 아니었다이를 제외한 나머지 시장은 강남에 최적화된 다가구다세대근생을 기획하는 소규모 개발업자와 이름을 굳이 드러내지 않는 건축사들의 몫이었다그런데 2010년 이후 강남의 중간건축에 새로운 징후가 나타나고 있다좁은 틈새로 한국현대건축 3, 4세대 건축가들이 하나둘씩 작업하기 시작한 것이다. 3세대는 1980년대 말부터 해외유학 혹은 실무를 경험한 후 1997년 외화위기를 극복하는 과정에서 전면에 등장한 세대이다이들은 건설경기의 부침에도 불구하고 상대적으로 많은 기회가 있었다반면 4세대는 2008년 세계금융위기 이후 대형사무소나 메이저리그’ 건축가 아래서 몇 년간의 수습을 한 후 2010년대에 과감히 독립을 결행한 세대다.1)

2016년 베니스비엔날레 한국관은 용적률 게임창의성을 촉발하는 제약을 통해 다가구다세대 주택근생과 같은 녹녹치 않는 설계시장에 뛰어든 건축가들의 도전을 조명했다전시된 36개 중 8개 건축물이 앞서 말한 강남의 4개 광로 안에 있거나 인접해 있다역삼동의 Chinese Boxes (천경환/깊은풍경, 2013), 역삼빌딩 (정현아/디아건축, 2014), 마블링오피스(이정훈/조호건축, 2013), 논현동 테트리스하우스(문주호임지환/경계없는작업실, 2012), 마트료시카(김동진/L’EAU Design. 2014), 신사동의 OD 빌딩(오영욱/oddaa 건축), 청담동 인터로방(오세민/방바이민, 2014), Place J (김승회/경영위치, 2014)이다이외에도 이번 전시에 출품된 SJW 패션사옥(이민+손진/이손건축2005), 더 웻지(민성진/SKM 건축2006), 청담 1617스튜디오하우스(임지택/이애오건축, 2012), ABC사옥(장영철+전숙희/와이즈건축, 2012), 퀸마마마켓(조병수/조병수건축연구소,2015)은 강남의 중간건축이 다양한 방식으로 진화하고 있음을 보여주고 있다. 

 

이러한 실험적 중간건축은 위치와 규모면에서 공통점이 있지만건축주의 요구대지 조건법과 제도의 한계를 수용하면서도 각자 다른 방식으로 실험했다는 점에서 하나의 틀로 묶기 어렵다오히려 하나하나의 건축언어는 이종적(heterogenous)이다서울에서 자율적 원리를 찾는 건축 작업이 외부인의 눈에는 개인방언의 집합(collection of idiolects)’2)으로 읽히는 것은 크게 놀랍지 않다. ‘용적률 게임은 기이하고비정형적이고심지어 우스꽝스럽게 생긴 서울의 도시건축이 건축주의 이상한 기호나 변덕혹은 건축가의 즉흥적 발상에서 나온 것이 아니라치밀한 전략과 전술의 필연적 결과라는 사실을 관객에게 각인시켰다.

공간의 욕망을 채워주는 경제논리 너머에 건축가들의 무의식적이고 묵시적인 숙제가 있다잉여의 면적과 볼륨으로 얻은 이익과 혜택을 개인이 독점하지 않고 어떻게 공적 가치로 전환할 것인가 하는 문제이다구체적으로 건축의 내부공간과 도시의 외부공간 사이의 접점(interface)을 더 풍부하게 만드는 것이다법적으로는 개인 소유이지만 불특정 다수가 접근할 수 있거나 들여다 볼 수 있는 다양한 전이공간과 외피를 만드는 것이다.

동아시아의 목구조 건축은 칸()을 기본단위로 여러 방향으로 수평 확장할 수 있는 모듈의 건축이었다대문바깥마당, 안마당대청안방으로 이르는 외부공간은 위계와 영역을 자연스럽게 나누었고기둥서까래긴 처마가 만들어낸 내부공간은 계절과 상황에 따라 유연하게 닫고 열수 있었다이러한 풍성한 내외부 공간의 접점이 도시건축의 수직화거대화복합화 과정에서 사라져버렸다이를 복원하려는 노력은 한국건축에 끊임없이 계속되어왔다복도코어의 기본 틀을 깨거나외피를 변형하거나새로운 재료와 구법의 실험하는 것 이면에는 잃어버린 도시와 건축의 접점을 복원하려는 의도가 깔려있다.

강남에서 진행되고 있는 변화를 어떤 일관된 이론으로 설명하기에는 아직 이르다또한 이 변화가 지속될지도 미지수다하지만 이 변화가 경제산업인구의 구조적 변화와 맞물려 있는 것은 틀림없다강남의 실험을 주목하는 것은 보편성과 대표성 때문이다강남은 단일규모로 우리나라 최대의 구획정리사업구역이다강남의 미래는 서울의 도시화 면적의 40%를 차지하는 다른 구획정리사업구역의 본보기가 될 것이다.

강남은 배타적이지만 동시에 많은 것을 포괄하고 있다강남이 다원적이고 개방적 도시성 (urbanism of pluralism and openness)’을 갖고 있다는 한 학자3)의 예리한 분석을 주시할 필요가 있다.

김성홍

1) 김성홍, “5장 민간건축의 건립과 변화,” 서울2천년사, 35권 현대서울의 도시건설서울역사편찬원, 2016, 273-329. 324

2) Julian Worrall, “The Nakwon Principle,” In Sung Hong KIM et. al. Eds. The FAR Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity, SPACE Books, 2016, 140-147. 147

3) John Peponis, et. al. “The City as an Interface of Scales: Gangnam Urbanism,” In Sung Hong KIM et. al. Eds. The FAR Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity, SPACE Books, 2016, 102-111. 

 

Gangnam, Architectural Laboratory of Seoul

Sung Hong KIM

In The Self-Evolving City,” Korean Architecture Exhibition for the UIA 2017 Seoul Congress, pp.116-122.

* The essay was originally written in Korean and was translated by the publisher.

“Gangnam style” by “PSY,” which raised the level of Gangnam’s fame beyond the borders of Seoul, does not actually show the bare skin of Gangnam. Only Gangnam’s perimeters, such as the Han River waterfront and amusement park, and its underground and indoor spaces including a parking lot, tennis court, and gymnasium, appear in the background. Furthermore, it is not easy for outsiders to see what kind of place Gangnam is from the edited footage of dance parties that take place inside a stable, sauna, and tourist bus. In their eyes, Gangnam style does not equal sophistication but rather an intentional crudeness that ridicules pretension. The urban architecture in the background is like a hybrid between luxury goods and kitsch. Nonetheless, Gangnam is unique not only in Seoul but also in Korea.

But what does Gangnam refer to? Narrowly, it refers to the administrative district of Gangnam-gu in Seoul, but more broadly, it includes the so-called “Gangnam Three Districts” of Gangnam, Seocho, and Songpa. The Gangnam Three comprise the epicenter that intensifies the imbalance within the city, across all areas including economy, society, culture, and education. Indeed, the political topography of the election results for the past several years has clearly distinguished Gangnam from other autonomous regions in Seoul.

In terms of Seoul’s 600-year history, Gangnam is a new city area that is not yet even 40 years old. How, then, could Gangnam become a special district in Seoul in such a short period? Various explanations have been offered, but from the perspective of urban architecture, Gangnam is differentiated by its urban fabric, which is featured with a series of block-parcel-building. The downtown areas around old city wall experienced gradual and rapid changes in succession. As a result, it took on an irregular and heterogeneous urban fabric that can be likened to old clothes that have been patched up with multiple layers of fabric. By way of contrast, Gangnam has a regular and homogeneous grid-like structure and was created under two of the representative modern city plans in Korea, namely, the “Land Readjustment Project (Tojiguhoek jeonglisaeop) ” and “Residential Land Development Project(Taekji gaebalsaeop).”

The center of Gangnam, which consists of approximately 50 blocks, is bordered by the Han River to the north, Yangjaecheon Stream to the south, Tancheon Stream to the east, and the Gyeongbu Expressway to the south. The blocks are supersized, with an average length and breadth of 500 meters, over 10 times the size of Manhattan’s grid blocks. The main roads serve as street commercial districts, but as we enter its side streets, the area use changes to 3rd class, 2nd class, and 1st class general residential areas. This pattern of land use planning is similar to the layered structure of an onion. Over the grid-like street network, roads and more than five subway lines closely connect the central part of Gangnam, and similarly sized and shaped buildings are clustered along the straight-lined blocks and parcels.

The Gangnam era began in 1971 with the initiation of “Yeongdong Land Readjustment Project 2nd District.” However, this land readjustment project, the main objective of which was to supply single-family house residential areas, could not on its own solve the housing problem resulting from urban concentration in Seoul. In 1976, the government designated Apgujeong and Banpo as apartment districts along the Han River. Five years later, in 1981, the “Residential Land Development Project,” which was an all-out type of development, was implemented for the first time in Gaepo district near the Yangjae stream. The residential land that would later hold the 66-story high Tower-Palace, a symbol of the wealth of Gangnam, was created at this time.

As apartment complexes rose in the Han Riverside apartment district and the Yangjae Stream residential land development district, the center of Yeongdong Land Readjustment Project came to be surrounded by apartment complexes. Of these, approximately 15 blocks, surrounded by four wide roads of over 50m in width (Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-daero, Teheran-ro, and Dosan-daero), formed the core of Gangnam. Among Korea’s major cities, Gangnam is the only area structured with apartment complexes surrounding multiple layers of grid-like blocks. In other words, it is a structure where the high-density, high-class residential space intersects and interacts with the roadside business and commercial space.

The three major types of architecture in Seoul in order of their aggregate gross floor area, are residential, neighborhood convenience facilities, and office space. Among residential architecture, the aggregate gross floor area of apartments is higher than the sum of non-apartments, including single-family, multi-family, multi-household, and tenement houses. In other words, the quantitative order in terms of floor area is apartments, non-apartments, neighborhood convenience facilities, and office space. The combined area of these four types accounts for more than 90% of all floor space in Seoul. In Gangnam, however, these four types of architecture are evenly distributed. As such, it is distinct from the old downtown area within the four main gates of Seoul, which has no apartment complexes, and also from the new built-up areas in Sanggye-dong and Mok-dong, which have very few office buildings in the vicinity.

Gangnam’s Apgujeong and Banpo districts were the frontrunners in turning Korea into an “apartment republic.” Starting with the Banpo district, which is now over 40 years old, the second reconstruction project of super-high-rise apartments has begun to take off. After 20 years, the Han Riverside will become a 35-story apartment complex. If Seoul’s floor-level guideline is lifted, it could even become a super-high-rise apartment forest of over 50 stories. 

Gangnam also led the construction of high-rise office buildings. In the early 1990s, a city design that contained the “building designation line” and the “building restriction line” regulations was introduced to Teheran-ro. From the late 1980s to the late 2000s, offices and hotels of more than 20 stories high were built, including Korea Electric Power Corporation headquarters (22 stories, AUM&LEE Architects & Associates, 1986), InterContinental Hotel (33 stories, Kim Byung-hyun +Kang Ki-se, 1988), Ramada Renaissance Hotel (24 stories,  Kim Swoo-geun / Gonggan, 1988), World Trade Center Seoul (54 stories, Nikken Sekkei + Wondoshi Architects + Junglim Architecture, 1988), Keungil Tower (21 stories, Choi Kwan-young / Ilkun C&C, 1994), Posco Center (31/21 stories, Won Chung-soo, Ji Soon / Gansam Architects & Partners, 1995), Glass Tower (32 stories, Samoo Architects, 1995), Shinan Construction Office Building (20 stories, Wondoshi Architects, 1996), Dacom Office Building (20 stories, Lee Sung-kwan / Hanul Architects & Engineers, 1999), LG Gangnam Tower (33 stories, SOM+Changjo Architects, 2000), ASEM Office Tower (29 stories, Kang Ki-se+SOM, 2001), Gangnam Finance Center (45 stories, Kevin Roche & John Dinkeloo Associates, 2001), Dong-Bu Financial Center (35 stories, Shindosi Architects, 2003), Posteel Tower (27 stories, KPF, POSCO A&C, 2004), Meriz Tower (30 stories, Shinhan Engineering & Construction, 2006), and Samsung Town (44/34/32 stories, KPF+ Samoo Architects, 2008), making it a corridor of high-rise buildings. If the high-rise buildings in other wide streets such as Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-daero, and Dosan-daero are included, the category becomes much more diverse. Particularly, this “Self-evolving City Exhibition” highlights the emergence of new business and commercial architecture in the Gangnam area, which are smaller but more experimental compared to the buildings listed above.

However, the places that seem the most “Seoul-like” to foreigners are neither the apartment complexes nor the high-rise office buildings, but the scenery of the side streets with their concentration of single-family houses and multi-family, multi-household residences. As in other parts of Seoul, 2nd class general residential areas are the most common within the 15 blocks. On these streets, 200–300m2 parcels are the most common, with most facing roads that are 12m or less in width. Single or two-story single-family houses that have been built on these grounds since the 1970s have, since the 1980s, gradually changed to multi-family, multi-household residences. In the 2000s, as land price increased, convenience facilities penetrated into the first floor of multi-family, multi-household residences to create a mid-rise multipurpose residential building that differs from the high-rise multipurpose residential buildings in the street-side commercial districts.

This kind of mid-rise mid-scale building is close to the arithmetic average of Seoul’s urban architecture. I have defined “Medium Building” as a structure that is built in the most common 2nd class general residential area of Seoul on the most common area of land, with the most common functions of residence and convenience facilities mixed together. A medium building is on a scale of 250m2 parcels, has 50% building coverage, 200% floor area ratio, is 4 stories high, and has 600m2 of gross floor area. Following the global financial crisis in 2008, Korea’s construction myth began to crack. That which would have been unimaginable during the previous 50 years of development came to pass: New town, redevelopment, and reconstruction project areas were cancelled at the request of residents. In this situation, the medium building is becoming one of the axes for determining the direction of Seoul’s urban architecture.

But do Gangnam’s medium buildings have something special? As revealed through PSY’s “Gangnam Style,” they do not stride far from a blend of sophistication and crudeness, showiness and banality. Gangnam’s high land price, owners with the economic capability to afford it, and the tastes of consumers who like Gangnam make up the little differences. When newly constructing in any of Seoul’s 64% mass of 2nd class general residential areas, the land price accounts for more than half of the project cost, while in the top 5% of plots, this ratio accounts for more than 70%. This figure is even higher, however, in the center of Gangnam. Constructing a building in Gangnam is like stacking land: The price of the existing building is not even considered when buying or selling land for new construction and the building designs can never escape the tactic of stacking land.

Prior to the financial crisis, there was no big market for architects who aimed at architectural quality in central Gangnam, except some luxury shops, high-grade houses, and medium-sized company buildings. Other than these, the remainder of the market fell to small-scale developers and anonymous architects who scarcely revealed their names, and who worked on multi-family, multi-household, and neighborhood living facilities optimized for Gangnam. However, since 2010, a new sign has been emerging in the medium buildings of Gangnam. The 3rd and 4th generation architects of Korean modern architecture have begun to work one by one in the niche market. The 3rd generation comprise those architects that studied abroad or gained practical experience since the late 1980s and came to the fore in the process of overcoming the foreign currency crisis of 1997. Despite the fluctuations in the construction industry, they had relatively many opportunities. On the other hand, the 4th generation comprise those that trained for several years under large firms or “major league” architects following the 2008 global financial crisis, and went boldly independent in the 2010s.1

Through the “FAR (Floor Area Ratio) Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity,” the Korean Pavilion at the Venice Biennale in 2016 highlighted the challenges of architects who have entered the meager design market of multi-family, multi-household houses and neighborhood living facilities. Of the 36 structures that were exhibited, 8 are in or are adjacent to the aforementioned four main streets of Gangnam. They are Yeoksam-dong’s Chinese Boxes (Chun Kyung Hwan / The Scape, 2013), Yeoksam Building (Jeong Hyun-ah / Dia Architecture, 2014), and Mable-ing Office (Lee Chung-hoon / JOHO Architecture, 2013), Nonhyeon-dong’s Tetris House (Moon Ju-ho, Lim Ji-hwan / Boundless, 2012) and Matryoshka (Kim Ding-jin / L’EAU Design, 2014), Sinsa-dong’s OD Building (O Young-wook / oddaa Architects), and Cheongdam-dong’s Interrobang (Oh Se-min / Bangbymin, 2014) and Place J (Kim Seung-hoy / KYWC Architects, 2014). These works are only some of the many examples in Gangnam and Seoul. In addition, the works submitted in this exhibition , such as SJW Fashion Building (Lee Min+Son Jin / Ison Architects, 2005), The Wedge (Min Sung-jin / SKM Architects, 2006), Cheongdam 1617 Studio House (Lim Ji-taek / IAEO Architects, 2012, ABC Building (Jang Young-chul + Chun Sook-hee / WISE Architecture, 2012), and Queen Mama Market (Cho Byoung-soo / BCHO Architects Associates, 2015) show that Gangnam’s medium buildings are evolving in various ways.

While these experimental medium buildings have in common their location and scale, it is difficult to bind them into a single category as each has been subject to experiment using different methods while also considering the client’s demands, the conditions of the land, and the limitations of the law and system. Thus, since the architectural language of this area is heterogeneous, it is none too surprising that an architectural work that looks to find autonomous principles in Seoul reads the landscape as a “collection of idiolects” in the eyes of outsiders.2 The “Floor Area Ratio Game” has imprinted viewers with the fact that the odd, atypical, and even ridiculous urban architecture in Seoul did not stem from the strange tastes or whims of clients, nor from the improvisational ideas of the architects, but comprises an inevitable consequence of meticulous strategies and tactics.

Beyond the economic logic that fills the desires of space lies the unconscious and implicit task of the architects. It is a question of how the profits and benefits attained through surplus area and volume may be converted to public value instead of monopolization by a single individual: Specifically, this is achieved by enriching the interface between the building’s inner space and the city’s outer space. It involves the creation of various transitional spaces and enclosures, which by law are privately owned but are accessible or can be looked into by the unspecified majority.

East Asian wooden structure buildings were module constructs that could extend horizontally in various directions through their base unit of ‘kan’. The outer space leading from the main gate to the outer courtyard, inner courtyard, main hall, and finally to the main room, naturally divided the hierarchy and areas, and the inner space created by the pillars, beams, rafters, and long eaves could be opened and closed flexibly depending on the season and circumstances. This abundant interface between the inner and outer space disappeared in the process of the verticalization, gigantification, and complexification of urban architecture. The effort to restore this interface, however, has continued incessantly in Korean architecture. Against the background of breaking open the basic framework of rooms, corridors, and cores, transforming the enclosures, and experimenting with new materials and methods, lies the intention of restoring the lost contact point between the city and its architecture.

It is still too early to explain the ongoing changes in Gangnam using one consistent theory. Whether this change will continue is also unknown. However, the change is unmistakably associated with structural changes in the economy, industry, and population. The attention paid to Gangnam’s experimentalism is due to its universality and representability. Gangnam is the largest land readjustment project area in Korea on a single scale and the future of Gangnam will thus serve as a model for other land readjustment project areas, which make up 40% of Seoul’s urbanized area.

Yet, while Gangnam may be exclusive, it is simultaneously inclusive in many respects. Thus, we should attend to the sharp scholarly analysis that Gangnam possesses the “urbanism of pluralism and openness.”3

1 Kim Sung-hong, “Chapter 5 The Construction and Transformation of Civil Architecture,” 2,000 year history of Seoul, volume 35 Urban Construction of Modern Seoul, Seoul Historiography Institute, 2016, pp.273-329. 324

2 Julian Worrall, “The Nakwon Principle,” In Sung Hong KIM et al. Eds. The FAR Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity, SPACE Books, 2016, pp.140-147. 147

 

3 John Peponis et al. “The City as an Interface of Scales: Gangnam Urbanism,” In Sung Hong KIM et al. Eds. The FAR Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity, SPACE Books, 2016, 102-111.